
CopyrightN^. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSnV 



EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

HINTS, SUGGESTIONS AND OUTLINES FOR CON- >^4 / 

DUCTING EDUCATIONAL PRIVILEGES IN \ ^ 

RAILROAD YOUNG MEN'S CHRIS- jj ^ f^ 

TIAN ASSOCIATIONS 



PREPARED BY THE EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT IN 
CO-OPERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL 
RAILROAD SECRETARIES, RAILROAD 
OFFICIALS AND OTHERS 



GEORGE B. HODGE 

EDUCATIONAL SECRETARY 



NEW YORK 

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION PRESS 

1908 



^^'i: 



5UBHARY of OeNteRSSS! 

AUG 25 )yU8 

Copyright, 1908, 

BY 

The International Committee 
OF Young Men's Christian Associations 



P3621 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PAGE 



Advertising .... 

Air Brake .... 

Algebra .... 

Arithmetic — Commercial and Mechanics 

Blue Print Reading 

Boiler Firing 

Bookkeeping 

Class Work — Terms, Sessions, Quality 

Clubs — Educational — Hints 

Committee — Educational 

Educational Features — Importance, Object, Supervision, Pro- 
gram, Advertising, Finances 

Electricity — Electric Railways, Wiring 

English 

English for Non-English Speaking 

Finances ..... 

First Aid and Personal Hygiene . 

Geometry ..... 

Group Courses .... 

Home Study .... 

How to Use This Book 

Individual Instruction . 

International Examinations . 

Lectures and Talks — Hints, Subjects 

Library — Hints .... 

Locomotive and Car Design 

Mechanical Drawing . 

Periodicals ..... 

Quality ..... 

Reading Rooms — Hints, Reading Courses 

Regulations for International Examinations 

Shop Mathematics ..... 

Special Railroad Subjects — Enginemen, Firemen, Conductors, 
Trainmen, Office Men, Air Brake, Transportation of Explo- 
sives, Express Company Employees 

Steam Engineering and Boiler Firing 

Stenography and Typewriting 

Subject Courses . 

Telegraphy .... 

Text Books .... 

Tuition Fees 



PREFACE 

This handbook of hints, suggestions and outlines from 
the best experience of railroad educational work, is pro- 
vided to help the committee and secretary of each Railroad 
Association in planning, organizing and conducting such 
educational facilities as are most needed. In its prepara- 
tion, Mr. Hodge has been aided by the International rail- 
road secretaries, railroad officials, educational directors, and 
others. Railroad men everywhere are wide awake tO' the 
importance of better training for larger service. It is hoped 
that this handbook will prove of such value that it will lead 
each Association into a larger helpfulness to men. 

C. J. Hicks, 
Associate General Secretary. 



EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

Its Importance 

Educational facilities for railroad men and boys have 
proved themselves to be not only a necessary, but very 
helpful part of the regular work of every Association. 

Its Objective 

The object of educational privileges is to broaden and 
enlighten men and boys, help them to help themselves, and 
increase their efficiency, thus fitting them for more useful 
and contented service both in their business and social re- 
lations. 

Its Features 

(1) The information of the Reading Room with its 
standard periodicals and technical journals. 

(2) The inspiration of the Library, both circulating and 
reference. 

(3) The stimulation of Lectures and Practical or 
Technical Talks. 

(4) The cooperation of Educational Clubs. 

(5) The instruction and training in Class Work under 
competent teachers. 

(6) Individual Instruction or Home Study under per- 
sonal leadership. 

Its Local Committee 

Experience shows that in places where best service is ren- 
dered, a committee composed of three or five practical men 
is in charge. With the secretary and educational director, 
this committee studies local conditions, discovers oppor- 
tunities, matures plans and conducts such features as will 
best meet the needs. 



2 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

Its Supervision 

While the general secretary, in proportion to his ability 
and interest, will continue to promote educational features 
in all places, yet the great opportunity to help men makes 
it increasingly necessary to provide an experienced man for 
his entire time, if possible, as educational secretary to sup- 
plement the local committee and general secretary in each 
of the larger Associations. Such a man is already em- 
ployed in several places. Whatever such good supervision 
costs it is more expensive in the end to do without it. On 
each railroad system there may well be provided similar 
supervision. In this way best results for the system as well 
as for the men and the Associations will be realized. 

Its Plan and Program 

The right study of the local conditions and discovery of 
special needs, which will differ in each Association, will lead 
to a definite plan to meet the peculiar conditions. Such a 
plan or working schedule will usually include a more effi- 
cient use of the reading room and library, the conduct of 
practical and technical talks, one or more groups or clubs, 
and some personal instruction in classes or individually. 
Any such service may be conducted any month of the year, 
wherever there are needs to be met and men to meet them. 
At present the largest part of this work is done between 
September and May, but there is no reason why these 
features should not run through the summer. Any plan or 
program, small or large, should be matured at least from 
one to three months before it is set in operation, in order 
to give proper time for advertising. 

Its Advertising 

Good advertising pays. Poor advertising is often worse 
than none. As soon as plans are made, tell about them in 
the most approved and successful manner. The following 
means have been used with much profit : Attractive posters 



HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 3 

at central points ; a brief but striking prospectus stating the 
plans, privileges, prices, dates, etc. ; leaflets giving results of 
past years' work; lantern slides showing men in different 
classes and in other educational features of the Association, 
also slides showing the value of education and of such 
privileges in general; noon shop gatherings with use of the 
lantern ; personal visitation by men who have profitably taken 
advantage of such work; a window display of the work of 
students ; the use of the lantern across the main street ; a talk 
by, or the endorsement of, some railroad official such as the 
superintendent or the master mechanic. These and other 
forms of advertising naturally growing out of local condi- 
tions are being used with success. 

Its Finances 

Good educational work costs money, as well as time and 
effort, but it is found to be one of the best investments 
Railroad Associations can make. When properly conducted 
it not only brings results but also helps to carry a large 
part of its own budget. Where best work is done the 
board of directors generally appropriates an educational 
budget which includes such items as supervision, advertising 
periodicals for the reading room, conduct of the library, 
lectures and talks, clubs, class work, individual instruction 
and promotion of home study. Such a budget varies from 
10 per cent to 25 per cent or more of the entire Association 
budget. 

The receipts from club fees, tuition fees for classes or 
individual instruction, and admissions to a few of the lec- 
tures, should be such as to cover nearly or quite all of the 
running expenses of those features. The other budget items 
are provided from the general fund of membership fees, 
public contributions or endowments. 

How to Use This Book 

These hints and suggestions from experience are pri- 



4 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

marily to acquaint the board of directors, the educational 
committee, the general secretary and other employed officers, 
including the teachers and leaders, with what the Railroad 
Associations are doing and how they have done it. 
Familiarity with this book followed by a careful and more 
or less continuous study of local conditions to^ discover 
special needs and opportunities will lead to best results. 
Such results, however, will be in proportion to the convic- 
tion and vision of Association officers, and to the amount of 
time, effort and money invested. 



THE ASSOCIATION READING ROOM 

The most popular privilege offered by the Association is 
that of the reading room. If given careful attention it 
materially popularizes the Association, but if neglected it 
may soon bring the Association into disfavor. For best 
results, experience shows the observance of the following 
hints or suggestions : 

The room is as light and quiet as possible and in range 
of vision of the secretary's desk. Someone is directly 
responsible for keeping the room neat and clean, and the 
periodicals arranged in an attractive manner. This person, 
or some other, provides a weekly bulletin posted in a promi- 
nent place, calling attention to particular articles in current 
magazines that would appeal to men. File new magazines 
on their arrival after the leaves have been cut and the 
Association stamp placed upon them. The reading room 
is not a place for free advertising. The subscriptions for 
all periodicals should expire during the same month, thus 
aiding accounts in renewals. Avoid taking or placing on 
file any undesirable publications. Sample copies should not 
remain long enough to become valueless. Additions should 
be made on merit only. Preserve the most valuable maga- 



THE LIBRARY 5 

zines for binding and for future reference in the library. 
Keep an accurate list of periodicals with name of publisher, 
the price, the source if a gift, date of expiration. 

The following is a popular list of periodicals for the 
average size Railroad Association. 

Scientific American. Catholic World. 
Railway and Locomotive En- Collier's Weekly. 

gineering. McClure's. 

Technical World. Success. 
International Railroad Journal. Cosmopolitan. 

Railway World. The Century. 

Popular Mechanics. Scribner's or Harper's. 

Association Men. Christian Herald. 

World's Work. . Record of Christian Work. 

Literary Digest. Home Herald. 

The Outlook. The American Boy. 

Saturday Evening Post. Youth's Companion. 

Harper's Weekly. Ladies' Home Journal. 

Leslie's Weekly. Country Life. 

American Machinist. Railway Age Gazette. 

To such list should be added such of the prominent 
dailies, the Brotherhood journals, and the local press, as 
conditions seem to warrant. 



THE LIBRARY 

Properly equipped and administered the railroad library 
holds a large place in Association work. The interest taken 
by railroad men in many of the Association libraries is 
encouraging. It helps the best men at the best time and in 
the best way, and supplements the work of all other de- 
partments. For best results the library must contain the 
most practical books in history, biography, fiction, science, 
manufactures, useful arts, railroad construction and opera- 
tion, as well as meet the demands of the members and also 
the desires of their families. 



6 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

The average library is for both circulation and reference 
use. It is desirable for every Association to have as good 
a library as it can secure and support. It may often arrange 
to obtain books regularly from some other library, either 
railroad or otherwise, or cooperate with the nearest public 
library, as well as make use of state traveling libraries. 

The following hints come from experience: The books 
should be carefully selected and suited to local needs of 
men and their families. An appropriation for new books 
should be made annually and so arranged that a few new 
books may be added monthly. It is generally wise to keep 
the bookcases locked and give out books when requested at 
the desk. Few men know what they want to read, and it 
is therefore necessary for the secretary, librarian, or the 
man in charge to discover what might best interest the 
person and then help him select a book. In some places 
a charge of a few cents is made for the library catalogues 
in order to insure their protection and proper use. A card 
catalogue for the office is essential. Advertise a few books 
at a time, place them on a shelf near the desk or in some 
other prominent place and allow them out only a few days 
at a time. Occasionally post a list of the books good for 
boys or girls, or a list on some timely subject. A short 
reading course or club stimulates the use of the library. A 
few Associations, as Scranton, have a library membership 
for out of town men, costing $1 per year. Books are car- 
ried by train service free to these men. 

Whatever conditions may prevail it is hard to imagine 
the place where the Association can afford to be without 
some kind of a reference or working library, including the 
usual reference books, railroad technical printed matter, 
etc. The reference library in the future is to become the 
center of supplementary educational work. Much interest 
is being taken by railroad men in the careful and definite 
reading of a few books each year. 



LECTURES AND PRACTICAL TALKS 7 

LECTURES AND PRACTICAL TALKS 

There is no more popular or easily operated feature, con- 
sistent with the expense involved, than the educational lec- 
ture and practical talk. The number already given is en- 
couraging. The lecture differs from the practical talk in 
being a formal presentation, given by a well-known 
authority, usually with admission fees to take care of ex- 
penses. It is not an entertainment, though the lectures are 
very entertaining because instructive. Each Association 
should aim to provide two or more lectures of high order 
during the season. Among those already given in Railroad 
Associations we note the following subjects: Abraham 
Lincoln; The Philippines (illustrated); The Passion Play 
(illustrated); The Ice Age; The Erie Canal; The Pro- 
duction and Treatment of Iron; Wireless Telegraphy; 
Astronomy; William McKinley; Cuba; The Railroads of 
Russia ; The Panama Canal ; Our Fleet in the Pacific. 

The selection of speakers is of importance. They will 
include railroad officials, some resident talent and often 
visiting lecturers of ability. 

Practical Talks 

The practical talk is usually given by some local man, 
involves little or no expense, very often includes use of a 
lantern or experiments, and usually implies a group of ten 
to twenty-five men. The more freedom for questions and 
discussions the better the result. Such talks include all 
practical subjects in which railroad men are interested. A 
few Associations conduct a series on groups of kindred 
topics, such as, (a) technical talks in which a good repre- 
sentative of a trade or profession, as the head of the motive 
power department, gives his experiences and advice to men ; 
(b) personal life talks, in which a strong Christian man 
treats of men's amusements, savings and investments, so- 



8 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

cial life, health, and so on. In small Associations the pro- 
gram should include at least two practical talks every 
month; in larger Associations at least one every week. If 
there is no resident talent available, railroad officials and 
men from outside points, or men passing through, are often 
secured. Such talent includes railroad officials, master me- 
chanics, chief engineers, and head men in various depart- 
ments. Two or more Associations in the same vicinity can 
sometimes arrange for a man to divide his time between 
those points, thus making it possible to secure such services 
where otherwise it would be impossible. One popular way 
of securing attendance is, to preface the talk with a supper, 
charging the men the mere cost of the same. The use of 
the lantern is increasing in efficiency and popularity. The 
company physician or some other doctor is always ready to 
give a series of talks on "First Aid to the Injured." Public 
hygiene has interested railroad men, as well as city men. 
Some traveling engineers, inspectors, or other men of ex- 
perience are often used with mutual profit to give various 
talks. The bureau of explosives with their representatives 
affords an excellent subject and service. 

During the present season many series of illustrated talks 
have been conducted on : The air brake, its improvements, 
use and abuse; the triple valve, valve motion; steam heat; 
motive power; movement of trains; railroad machinery; 
time-table construction; book of rules; train problems; hot 
boxes and their remedies ; lubricating oil, its use and abuse ; 
signals; and so on through a wide range of railroad 
subjects. 

Practical talks are within reach of every Association, even 
the smallest. They may be held in the Association building 
or outside, day or night, as most convenient. From twenty 
to fifty or more of these talks are often given during the 
year. A few report each 60, 78, 129, 158 respectively. 



HOME STUDY 9 

EDUCATIONAL CLUBS 

A few Railroad Associations are profiting by means of 
literary societies, music, technical and other clubs. Where 
judiciously organized they are of great value both to men 
and to the Association. Perhaps no other feature so readily 
adapts itself to circumstances or is found so differently 
applied and used. Nearly one hundred different kinds of 
educational clubs are in operation. Some run for a few- 
weeks and complete their work, while others are in opera- 
tion for an entire season, and a few continue from year to 
year. These clubs are of all sizes from five to fifty men 
or more. 

The following hints or suggestions are from experience: 
(1) The members must be congenial, of like interests and 
desires and well-pleasing to each other. (2) Wise leader- 
ship by one of the club members and usually aside from the 
general secretary is essential. (3) Successful clubs have 
to grow and develop of themselves. They are not ready 
made, neither can they be successfully made to order by 
those other than club members. (4) One of the most im- 
portant results in addition to that of research, reading, 
discussion, etc., is the operation of a series of practical 
talks, thus developing in the men a very helpful spirit of 
service for others — the best form of social service. Such 
clubs help men of varied interests, cover a wide range of 
subjects, develop leadership, promote fellowship, and fur- 
nish excellent opportunity for Christian personal work. 

HOME STUDY 

Association experience has abundantly demonstrated the 
value of promoting such features as lead men to come 
together and take advantage of the fellowship, enthusiasm 



10 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

of numbers, and especially of the presence of an able 
teacher or leader. The fundamental principle of Asso- 
ciation work is to encourage men to "associate" under 
Christian auspices for the development of Christian man- 
hood, rather than to encourage them to study alone and 
away from the Association. 

Still there are some men who either from the nature of 
their employment or their disposition, or both, cannot or 
will not take advantage of Association privileges as ar- 
ranged for class and groups. For these, a system of home 
tutoring arranged under the auspices of the Association, 
involving a competent instructor meeting such persons regu- 
larly in their homes, shops or other places, is found ex- 
pedient. Much of such personal service is now being ren- 
dered in all walks of life — ^professional, industrial, and 
commercial. The expense is nominal, ranging from twenty- 
five cents per hour up. Though more expensive than class 
work, yet for many people this kind of home study is a 
most excellent investment. The employment of one or more 
competent men with the true Association spirit as teachers 
and leaders to give special attention to this personal in- 
struction, where tried, proves one of the best Association 
investments. The receipts from tuition fees meet a large 
portion of the expense. 

If such individual instruction is not feasible, courses by 
correspondence in colleges and universities supported at 
public expense, as at Chicago, Cornell, Wisconsin, are 
available. 

CLASSWORK. 

The most valuable of any single Association educational 
feature is that of definite class work, where the instruction 
is largely individual. Where there are fifty or more rail- 
road men within reach of the Association, employed in 



CLASS WORK 11 

construction and repair shops or as clerks in offices and in 
transportation service, there is a large field for such class 
work and individual instruction in one or more subjects. 

Terms and Sessions 

While class work may begin any time of the year, and 
should be conducted whenever there is a need for the same, 
yet the majority of the Associations plan for a fall term of 
three months beginning about October 1, and a winter term 
of the same length after the holidays. A few Associations 
conduct class work and individual instruction during the 
spring and summer. Two class sessions per week are more 
than twice as valuable as one session. Such sessions may 
take place at any point where most convenient, either in 
the building or outside. Classes with five to ten or twelve 
men are much better than larger classes. The smaller the 
class the more personal and hence more valuable the help. 
Too much emphasis cannot be placed on a large number of 
small groups or classes. If a number of men desire the 
same subject but only half of them can meet regularly on 
the same date, organize two classes. The other section may 
unite at some other hour and place, or meet irregularly. 

Quality versus Numbers 

To meet the growing demands of railroads, business, 
trade, and transportation, there is needed a better quality of 
work, a more efficient training and greater skill, and with it 
all a higher character in men. The demands for such men, 
when taken in connection with the fact of the present super- 
ficial and commercialized instruction, make quality of work, 
rather than numbers of students, all the more necessary. 

Individual Instruction 

The abilities and ambitions of railroad men differ so 
widely that personal instruction — man to man — is becoming 



12 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

more necessary each year. Smaller classes and groups of 
men with higher tuition fees, make possible far more valua- 
ble instruction and training and hence better results. 

Tuition Fees 

The Association is promoted to help men, not to make 
money. Its educational work is not and never should be a 
revenue producer. Some features, especially the funda- 
mental and elementary ones, as the three R's, should con- 
tinue to be conducted, even with a deficit. However, ' ex- 
perience shows the wisdom of charging tuition fees for 
class work and individual instruction, in addition to mem- 
bership dues. The practice has proved beneficial to the men 
because it has increased their interest and attendance, stimu- 
lated and benefited their work and led them to realize upon 
it as a good investment. It has proved good for the Asso- 
ciation, as the receipts help meet the increased expense of 
the more practical work, and has largely raised the standing 
and respect of the Association in the community. 

The fees for the average subject should be such amounts 
per term as will nearly or quite pay for the instruction. 
They range from $1 to $5 or more per subject. For in- 
dividual instruction such fees would be more, of course, 
depending upon circumstances. The total amount of spe- 
cial tuition fees in all city and railroad Associations has in- 
creased about 20 per cent annually for the past ten years, 
amounting in 1908 to about $325,000. 

Some of the best endowed educational institutions charge 
tuition fees even though such fees are not needed to cover 
expenses, because the results and influence of this practice 
upon the student is seen to be far better than otherwise. 
Association educational work in the past has suffered greatly 
because of the cheapening influence of low fees upon the 
public. It pays to charge substantial fees and then ''deliver 
the goods." 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 13 

GROUP COURSES 

. Group courses include a number of consecutive and 
closely related subjects, in which the aim is to encourage 
students to continue systematic work either day or night 
for three to six years and prepare for or develop in some 
vocation, such as that of machinist, mechanical engineer, 
plumber, accountant, etc. For details see pages 12-15, 
"Outlines of Courses of Study," price 50 cents, published by 
the Association Press. 

OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 

Nature of the Outlines 

These outlines are the results of experience in the best 
class work, day or evening, among employed men and boys. 
They include only the more essential topics and principles. 
In view of the facts that (1) there are many good courses 
in each subject; (2) that the teachers, local conditions and 
students' abilities all vary; (3) that the best results come 
from giving the largest possible freedom and initiative to 
the local teacher, — no two Associations will successfully 
conduct exactly the same courses in any subject. How- 
ever, in view of their fundamental character and largely 
accepted use, the topics and outlines given in this book may 
well be woven into or made the basis of the local courses, 
which in turn should be expanded and adapted to meet 
local needs. 

Text Books 

The movement being of wide area and involving all 
methods of teaching, several text books instead of one, 
where any are issued, are suggested in each subject. These 
are the texts in widest and most successful use in the 
various Associations. The educational director or general 



14 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

secretary, in cooperation with, the teacher, should select the 
particular text book, where one is used, in which the best 
results can be accomplished, whether such book is men- 
tioned in the list or not. No book should be slavishly fol- 
lowed. Further aids will be found in the International ex- 
amination questions annually. Teachers find much help 
and inspiration in suggestions of the current technical 
magazines and periodicals on file in the Association read- 
ing room. 

Length of Courses 

To meet the demands for better trained men, Associa- 
tions are extending their courses from 50 per cent to 100 
per cent. The average student ranges from fourteen to 
fifty years of age, is employed, knows the worth of a dollar, 
usually does his own thinking, and means business. 

In this book the term ''season" implies at least six 
months, three evenings per week. While some students may 
cover a course in one season, others because of different 
abilities and training may require two or three seasons. 
Experience shows that it is not the length of the course that 
counts, but the nature and quality of the work done. Asso- 
ciations do not agree to fit men for positions or to pass 
them through any course in a certain time, but rather to 
offer opportunities for better training. 

FIRST AID TO THE INJURED— One Season 

For : All men and boys. 

Preparation : Reading, business English. 

It is very fortunate to know what to do in case of an 
accident. Much suffering and perhaps a life may be saved 
by cool and prompt action by one who knows what to do 
until the doctor comes. The following topics or their equiva- 
lent to meet local needs have been covered successfully by 
thousands. This course has the hearty endorsement and co- 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 15 

operation of the physical department of all Associations. 
The work may be conducted either as a class, a club, or a 
series of ten or more lectures and quizzes. Oftentimes a 
series of demonstrations are carried on during the noon hour 
in the shops and factories. 

Topics : Structure and important functions of the human 
body, skeleton, muscles, nervous system, lungs, heart, stom- 
ach, etc. ; broken bones, dislocations, sprains, splints ; hemor- 
rhage or bleeding, arteries, veins, capillaries, circulation of 
blood, the tourniquet; breathing, respiration, suffocation, 
apparent drowning, choking, croup; carrying the sick and 
injured, bandaging, materials in emergencies; accidents, 
rupture, foreign bodies in the eye, ear or nose, poison and 
antidotes; unconsciousness, fainting, apoplexy, intoxication, 
convulsions, epilepsy, sunstroke, shock, concussion of brain ; 
wounds, burns, scalds, electric burns, frost-bite, exposure to 
cold, bites from animals ; the sick room, heating, ventilation, 
feeding, bath, care of patient; prevention of disease, anti- 
septics and preventives, contagious diseases ; board of health. 

Text and Reference Books 

First Aid in Illness and Injury. Pilcher. (Scribner's Sons, New 
York.) $2.00. 

First Aid to the Injured. Morton. (Society First Aid to the 
Injured, NeAv York.) 25 cents. 

The Barton First Aid Text Book. (National First Aid Associa- 
tion of America, Boston, Mass.) $1.25. Includes outfit. 

First Aid to the Injured. Dr. Morrow. (Saunders, Philadelphia.) 
$2.50. 

PERSONAL HYGIENE, INCLUDING PHYSIOLOGY— 

One Season 

For: All men and boys, especially those employed in 
commerce, trade, manufacturing, and industrial plants, and 

also for those in the physical department as well as those in 
the educational department. 



16 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

Preparation: Reading, business English. 

The following topics, or their equivalent to meet local 
needs, endorsed by the Physical Department of the Interna- 
tional Committee, are recognized as increasingly important. 
Much importance is attached to the topics of bathing, food, 
diet, exercise, sleep and rest. The course may be conducted 
either as a class, a club, or a series of fifteen or twenty lec- 
tures, demonstrations and quizzes. A splendid course for 
noon talks in the factory: 

Topics : Anatomy of the human body ; skeleton, head, 
spinal column, pelvis, upper and lower extremities, muscles, 
internal organs ; physiology applied ; the circulatory, respira- 
tory, muscular, nervous and digestive systems and their 
functions ; care of the body, the skin, bathing and dress ; food 
and digestion, diet; systematic exercise; care of the eyes, 
ears, lungs, blood, muscles, nerves ; the use of stimulants and 
narcotics, tobacco and alcohol; influence of body on mind 
and character ; sexual hygiene ; contagious diseases, quaran- 
tine, disinfection, prevention, board of health ; sleep and rest ; 
conservation of nervous energy. 

Text and Reference Books 

The Human Body. Martin. (Holt & Co., New York.) $2.50. 

Physiology and Hygiene. Hutchinson. (Merrill & Co., New 
York.) $1.10. 

Our Bodies. Blaisdell. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 65 cents. 

Human Mechanism. Hough and Sedgwick. (Ginn & Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

The Efficient Life. Gulick. (Doubleday, Page & Co., New York.) 
$1.20. 

Personal Hygiene. Woodhull. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$1.00. 

BUSINESS ENGLISH—Two Seasons 

For : All men and boys. 

Preparation : Reading, writing, spelling, or the equiva- 
lent of fifth grade public school work. 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 17 

Topics : Letter writing, forms and parts of letters, much 
practice in various kinds of business letters, with emphasis 
on brevity, clearness, unity, courtesy; forms of various 
social notes and usages ; general correspondence ; choice of 
words, avoidance of words and expressions not in good use ; 
exercises to extend and show value of vocabulary; habitual 
and intelligent use of the dictionary; formation of words; 
simple English prefixes and suffixes in common use; exer- 
cises in spelling. 

Punctuation and capital letters ; the English sentence, its 
parts and modifiers ; kinds of sentences ; parts of speech, 
their use and forms ; simple parsing ; exercises in correction 
of common errors; analysis of simple, complex, and com- 
pound sentences ; construction of sentences, involving forma- 
tion, transformation, or substitution of words, phrases, and 
clauses. 

Text and Reference Books 

New Practical Grammar and Correspondence. Williams. 
(American Book Co., New York.) 60 cents. 

English Composition. Chittenden. (Scott Foresman Co., Chi- 
cago.) 60 cents. 

Longmans' English Lessons and Longmans' English Grammar. 
(Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 65 cents. 

Lessons in English. Lockwood. (Ginn & Co., New York.) $1.12. 

Business Methods. Teller and Brown. (Rand, McNally Co., 
New York.) 75 cents. 

ENGLISH FOR NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING— One Season 

For : Those who cannot read, write or speak English. 

Preparation : A desire to learn English. 

Suggestions : The different nationalities, the local condi- 
tions, the work to be done and the helpers, all vary to such 
an extent that it seems impossible to suggest a definite 
course or outline. However, the most successful efforts 
show that in the early stages the work is entirely by object 



18 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

— the spoken and written word being closely connected. 
Then comes action, qualities, places, and so on, which 
brings in the verbs, adjectives, forming of sentences, and 
gradual introduction of short, appropriate stories. 

The books below have been successfully used. Large use 
of the blackboard by the teacher is necessary; also the 
gradual use of the same by the men, as well as their writ- 
ing on paper, is strongly encouraged. See the six-page 
chapter on "Foreign-Born Young Men and Their Needs" 
in "Information and Suggestions" for 1906. 

Dr. Peter Roberts, Special Secretary of the International 
Committee for foreign-speaking men, says: (1) Secure 
the best possible teacher; success or failure rests here. 
(2) Teach the names of the objects and tools they daily 
handle. (3) It is somewhat better to include all the foreign- 
speaking men according to the industry in which they are 
employed rather than to take the different nationalities by 
themselves. (4) In the use of text books remember that 
we deal with men, and that public school books are pre- 
pared for children. 

As progress is made, and depending upon the versatility 
and genius of the teacher, the reading, speaking and writ- 
ing exercises will include lessons in simple business habits 
and customs, in civics and history, varying exercises in 
simple numbers, geography and the various fundamentals 
so necessary to a stranger in a strange land. 

Text and Reference Books 

First Book for Non-English Speaking. Harrington and Cun- 
ningham. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 25 cents. 

Second Book for Non-English Speaking. Harrington and Moore. 
(D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 30 cents. 

English for Evening Schools. F. B. Swingle. (Racine, Wis.) 

Reading and Language Lessons. W. E. Chancellor. (American 
Book Co., New York.) 30 cents. 

English-Italian. Moore. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 30 cents. 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 19 

BOOKKEEPING— Two Seasons 

For: Office men, clerks and others fitting themselves 
for railroad business, or for those who wish to familiarize 
themselves with modern business methods. 

Preparation : Commercial arithmetic, business English, 
penmanship. 

Topics : First Season — Meaning and application of sim- 
ple mercantile terms, as cash-books, drafts, notes, receipts, 
statements, bills, invoices, account-sales, etc. ; simple rules 
and principles for debiting and crediting accounts; books, 
as check book, bank pass book, day book, journal, cash-book, 
ledger; accounts, as cash, personal, property, bills payable, 
bills receivable, merchandise, expense, labor, interest, which 
show simply a profit or loss ; practice work in opening books, 
journalizing, posting; closing books, trial balances, state- 
ments ; bank dealings, opening bank accounts, deposits, col- 
lections, checks, balancing, proving bank account and cash- 
book. 

Topics : Second Season — Review of first season's work, 
including mercantile terms, rules, principles, and definitions ; 
books including those mentioned in the first season and 
many other special books for special lines of business; ac- 
counts under various terms of classification and adapted to 
different lines of business ; business practice, opening set of 
books, journalizing, posting, using various books and differ- 
ent kinds of accounts, involving the numerous commercial, 
manufacturing, industrial and financial business interests; 
column journal and specially ruled cash-books and ledgers 
for particular lines of business ; closing books ; trial bal- 
ances, statements, inventory, resources, liabilities, net worth, 
balance sheet ; bank dealings, deposits, collections, discounts, 
loans, checks, endorsements; foreign exchange, imports, 
duties, and exports ; systems for checking postings, proving 
bank pass book and cash-book; short methods and arrange- 



20 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

merits of accounts ; advanced practice, corporation accounts, 
purchase and sales, manufactures, discounts, interest, and 
other complex accounts for profit and loss. 

Text and Reference Books 

Modern Illustrative Bookkeeping. Williams and Rogers. (Ameri- 
can Book Co., New York.) $1.00. 

New Complete Bookkeeping. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) 

Complete Bookkeeping. (Goodyear & Marshall, Cedar Rapids, la.) 
90 cents. 

New Complete Bookkeeping. Williams and Rogers. (American 
Book Co., New York.) $1.35. 

Practical Bookkeeping. (Practical Text Book Co., Qeveland.) 
$2.25. 

Ellis System of Business. (Ellis Pub. Co., Battle Creek, Mich.) 
$2.25. 

The Complete Accountant. O. M. Powers. (Powers & Lyons, 
Chicago.) $1.60. 

Accounting and Business Practice. Moore and Miner. (Ginn & 
Co., New York.) 80 cents. 

STENOGRAPHY— Two Seasons 

For: Clerks, office men, reporters, stenographers, stu- 
dents, and those preparing themselves for secretarial posi- 
tions. 

Preparation: English, business forms, and correspond- 
ence, spelling, composition, arithmetic. 

Topics : In view of the fact that there are so many sys- 
tems of stenography in which efficient office work and cor- 
respondence is conducted, no single system is selected to the 
disadvantage of the others. Emphasis will be placed on 
dictation, speed tests and accuracy of transcriptions. Stu- 
dents should be required from the beginning to read back 
all matter taken by them in dictation. Oral and written 
exercises should be given frequently. 

In the second season much time should be devoted to 
thorough drills in writing from dictation, business cor- 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 21 

respondence, involving technical expressions relating to in- 
surance, railroading, electricity, legal, and general work; in 
the transcription, special emphasis should be placed on 
accuracy, form, capitalization, punctuation, and expression. 

Text and Reference Books 

Shorthand Instructor, Isaac Pitman. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, 
New York.) $1.50. 

Standard Phonography. A. J. Graham. (A. J. Graham & Co., 
New York.) $1.00. 

The Art of Phonography. J. E. Munson. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 
New York.) $2.00. 

Manual of Phonography & Reporters' Companion. Benn Pitman 
and Jerome B. Howard. (Phonographic Institute Co., Cincinnati.) 
$2.00. 

Manual of Phonography. Heffley. (American Book Co., New 
York.) $1.25. 

Phonetic Shorthand. (W. W. Osgoodby, Rochester, N. Y.) $1.25. 

Brief Course in Pitman Shorthand. Barnes. (A. J. Barnes Pub. 
Co., St. Louis.) $1.25. 

Shorthand. Gregg. (Gregg Pub. Co., Chicago.) $1.50. 

TYPEWRITING— One Season 

For: Clerks, office men, stenographers, and others fitting 
for complete office work. 

Preparation: Same as for stenography. 

Topics : The demand upon typewriters is becoming more 
and more exacting, requiring increased speed, greater ac- 
curacy, and more intelligence on the part of the operator. 
A more thorough and general training is now necessary for 
successful work. 

Location of letters; proper fingering and touch; graded 
exercises in words; commercial, legal, and legislative 
phrases; business correspondence; headings, titles, and ad- 
dresses; spelling, punctuation, and capitalization; letters 
and circulars relating to all kinds of transactions; miscel- 
laneous forms of reports, receipts, and bills; legal forms. 



22 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

testimony, and architects' specifications; miscellaneous ex- 
ercises in writing from dictation; technical expressions and 
abbreviations; speed exercises; copying from manuscripts. 
Special care must at all times be given to neatness and 
accuracy. 

Text and Reference Books 

Touch System. C. E. Smith. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, New York.) 
50 cents. 

Manual of Typewriting. (A. J. Barnes, St. Louis, Mo.) $1.00. 

Touch of Typewriting. (Bates Torrey, Boston, Mass.) $1.00. 

Manual of Typewriting. F. S. Humphrey. (Baker & Taylor, 
New York.) $1.50. 

Practical Course in Touch Typewriting. (Isaac Pitman & Sons, 
New York.) 50 cents. 

Piano Method. Patterson. (N. G. Patterson & Son, Chicago.) 
60 cents. 

COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC— Two Seasons 

For: All who desire a knowledge of the elements of 
practical and commercial arithmetic. 

Preparation : Ability to speak and read English. 

Topics: First Season — Fundamental operations; factor- 
ing, cancellation ; fractions — common and decimal, addition, 
subtraction, multiplication, division, and reduction of frac- 
tions ; compound or denominate numbers ; measures of time, 
value, weight, liquid, length, surface, and volume; per- 
centage; profit and loss; interest; trade discount; taxes; 
such other topics as are usually included in simple commer- 
cial and business arithmetic. 

Topics: Second Season — Review first season's work; 
insurance — fire and life; custom house business; taxes; 
stocks and bonds; bank discount; partial payments; ratio 
and proportion ; bankruptcy ; square root ; mensuration ; sim- 
ple principles of algebra or literal arithmetic; metric sys- 
tem; other topics usually included in advanced commercial 
or business arithmetic. 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 23 

The following suggestions are emphasized: (1) Lead 
the student to see a reason for every step and to make 
practical applications of every principle in order to de- 
velop the power of independent thought; (2) principles of 
each topic should be taught by simple problems, do not 
waste time in puzzles ; (3) obsolete topics should be omitted ; 
(4) lead the student to formulate and then learn his own 
rules, after having been made familiar with the processes 
which the rules describe; (5) the student should learn 
principles and definitions in an objective way, or through 
illustrations rather than from definitions in the book. This 
inductive process of formulating definitions and principles 
and rules by the student is educationally valuable; (6) some 
of the best educational discipline comes from training in the 
clear and orderly written solutions of problems and pro- 
cesses. Systematic, consecutive thinking develops habits of 
practical value in many lines. 

Text and Reference Books 

Arithmetic for Evening Schools. W. E. Chancellor. (American 
Book Co., New York.) 30 cents. 

Arithmetic. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 65 cents. 

Commercial Arithmetic. Williams and Rogers. (American Book 
Co., New York.) $1.10. 

Business Arithmetic. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) 80 cents. 

New Business Arithmetic. (Powers & Lyons, Chicago, 111.) $1.00. 

Commercial Arithmetic. (Goodyear & Marshall, Cedar Rapids, 
la.) $1.00. 

Grammar School Arithmetic. Walsh. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- 
ton.) 65 cents. 

Young & Jackson's Arithmetic, Books II. and III. (D. Appleton 
& Co., New York.) 80 cents. 

New Commercial Arithmetic. J. H. Moore. (American Book 
Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Grammar School Arithmetic. Smith. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 
65 cents. 

Business Arithmetic. Williams & Rogers. (American Book Co., 
New York.) 80 cents. 



24 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

Everyday Business. M. S. Emery. (Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, 
Boston.) 30 cents. 

MECHANICS' BUSINESS ARITHMETIC— One Season 

For: Technical men, shop men, apprentices, mechanics, 
and also those in building trades and industries. 

Preparation: Arithmetic, including fractions, business 
English. 

Topics : Review of fractions, compound numbers, deci- 
mals, percentage, and other topics with reference to applica- 
tion in daily life; formulas; mensuration, measurements of 
surfaces, as lumber, land, wood, shingling, plastering, paint- 
ing, and paper-hanging; measurements of solids, as cubes, 
prisms, spheres, cylinders and their parts, relations, surfaces 
and volumes. 

Text and Reference Books 

School Mensuration. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 35 
cents. 

Mechanics' Arithmetic. Wright. (New England Pub. Co., New 
York.) 25 cents. 

Mensuration. Furst. (Meyers & Co., Harrisburg.) 50 cents. 

Workshop Mathematics. F. C. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., New 
York.) 65 cents. 

Business Arithmetic. (Sadler & Rowe, Baltimore, Md.) 80 cents. 

Business Arithmetic. Williams & Rogers. (American Book Co., 
New York.) 80 cents. 

■Sixty Lessons in Business Arithmetic. (E. E. Mull, New York.) 
50 cents. , 

SHOP MATHEMATICS^One or Two Seasons 

For: Apprentices, shop men, mechanics, machinists, 
draftsmen, and those' connected with building and construc- 
tion work. 

Preparation : Arithmetic, English, mechanical drawing or 
blue print and plan reading ; elements of physics and chem- 
istry, shop work. 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 25 

Topics : Problems in daily shop and trade work involving 
the following topics: Review of fundamental operations, 
fractions and decimals with reference to shop work calcula- 
tions; formulas, their meaning and application; mensura- 
tion of surfaces, solids, and irregular bodies, their rules, 
formulas, and relations ; laws of simple machines, mechanical 
powers, inclined plane, levers, wheel and axle, cams; horse 
power, its computation, value in various engines, in indi- 
vidual machines, and its loss of efficiency due to friction; 
shafting, problems involving the size, material, location, and 
speed of shafting to realize certain horse power, and vice 
versa ; screw threads, various kinds, U. S. standard threads, 
diameter, sharp V thread, square thread ; weight of materials 
in castings, computed from weight of wood patterns, meth- 
ods of finding weight of castings from drawings, relation of 
such weights in cast iron, wrought iron and steel, weights of 
copper and steel wire, various gauges; pulleys and belts, 
calculations for speed, length of belt, cone pulleys, size for 
transmission of given power ; gearing, formulas and methods 
for computing change of gears for screw thread cutting, 
milling machine work, bevelled and mitred gears; speeds 
and feeds of machines, as twist drills, mill cutters, lathe 
work. 

The topics that do not find continued application in prac- 
tical shop or trade work are omitted. Much shop practice 
should be used in applying the above principles. Individual 
instruction is emphasized. 

Text and Reference Books 

Machine Shop Arithmetic. Calvin. (N. W. Henley Co., New 
York.) 50 cents. 

School Mensuration. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) 80 
cents. 

Engineers' Arithmetic. Colvin. (N. W. Henley Co., New York.) 
50 cents. 
Mechanics' Pocket Memorandum. (I. C. S., Scranton, Pa.) 



26 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

Use of Slide Rule. Halsey. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 
50 cents. 

Practical Mechanics. Saunders. (Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

Mechanical Engineering Pocket Book. Kent. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

Workshop Mathematics. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., New 
York.) 65 cents. 

Elementary Practical Mathematics. Castle. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) 80 cents. 

Various trade catalogues and hand books with their formulas 
and tables. 

ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA— Two Seasons 

For: Students, apprentices, office men, shop men, fore- 
men. 

Preparation: Arithmetic, business English, history, 
civics. 

Topics : First Season — Introduction, literal notation, pre- 
liminary, definitions, signs and symbols, evaluation of literal 
expressions; fundamental operations, addition, subtraction, 
multiplication, division, detached coefficients, synthetic di- 
vision; simple equations, transformations, solution of prob- 
lems; factoring, divisors and multiples, remainder theorem; 
fractions, reduction, addition, subtraction, multiplication, 
division, fractional equations ; simultaneous equations of the 
first degree. 

Topics : Second Season — Simultaneous equations, two 
or more unknown quantities, elimination, determinants, solu- 
tion of problems; involution and evolution, binomial 
formula, theory of exponents, index law, powers and roots ; 
radicals, reduction, fundamental operations, rationalization; 
imaginary expressions; quadratic equations, solution by 
factoring, completing the square, theory and properties, 
simultaneous quadratics; binomial theorem, with any ex- 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 27 

ponent ; ratio and proportion ; progressions ; series, converg- 
ance and divergence ; logarithms, graphic methods. 

Text and Reference Books 

Elements of Algebra. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 
$1.12. 

Academic Algebra. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 
$1.12. 

Elementary Algebra. Tanner. (American Book Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

Essentials of Algebra. Stone and Millis. (B. H. Sanborn & Co., 
Boston.) $1.12. 

Elementary Algebra. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., New York.) 
$1.12. 

New School Algebra. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 
$1.32. 

High School Algebra. Milne. (American Book Co., New York.) 
$1.00. 

PLANE GEOMETRY— One Season 

For: Apprentices, journeymen, mechanics, engineers, 
foremen, superintendents. 

•Preparation: Algebra, instrumental drawing, business 
English, history and government. 

Topics : Introduction, preliminary definitions, axioms, 
postulates ; rectilinear figures, triangles, parallels and paral- 
lelograms, problems, loci ; equality of polygons, pythagorean 
theorem, problems, practical mensuration of surfaces; cir- 
cles, angles, chords, tangents, secants, inscribed and cir- 
cumscribed figures ; methods of attacking original theorems 
and problems; ratio and proportion, theory of limits, lines 
cut by parallels, lines cut by a circumference, similar figures ; 
mensuration of plane figures, rectangles, triangles, regular 
polygons, the circle. 

Much stress should be laid on original work, figures 
should be accurately drawn, and exact reasoning in every 
case be required. Experience proves that the work should be 



28 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

made as concretely practical as possible. Geometrical truths, 
constructions, and reasoning in their application and rela- 
tion to everyday problems, are essential. The closest rela- 
tion between this subject and drawing is desirable. 

Text and Reference Books 

New Plane and Solid Geometry. Beman and Smith. (Ginn & Co., 
Boston.) $1.25. 

Plane and Solid Geometry. Wentworth. (Ginn & Co., Boston.) 
$1.25. 

Plane and Solid Geometry. Wells. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) 
$1.25. 

Elements of Plane and Solid Geometry. Sanders. (American 
Book Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Inductive Plane Geometry. Hopkins. (D. C. Heath & Co., Bos- 
ton.) 75 cents. 

ELEMENTARY ELECTRICITY— One Season 

For: Electrical workers, engineers, apprentices, telegra- 
phers, construction men, students, and those who wish to 
acquire a knowledge of principles. 

Preparation : Business English, elementary physics, arith- 
metic, algebra, drawing. 

Topics: Nature and properties of electricity; electrical 
effects ; batteries ; electrolysis ; electro-magnetism, its nature 
and properties; electric circuits, currents; resistance, meas- 
urements, Ohm's law; measurement of electric current, 
principles of electric machines, dynamos and motors; 
electro-motive force ; direct current dynamos ; direct current 
motors; alternating current machinery; arc and incan- 
descent lighting; power stations, electric railway and other 
applications of motors; telegraph, telephone, electric bells; 
wireless telegraphy. Do not confuse the essential principles 
in electricity with what may be merely informational and of 
temporary value. 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 29 

Text and Reference Books 

Elementary Electricity and Magnetism. Jackson. (The Mac- 
millan Co., New York.) $1.40. 

Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism. S. P. Thompson. (The 
Macmillan Co., New York.) $1.40. 

Practical Electricity. Swoope. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

Lessons in Practical Electricity. Jackson. (The Macmillan Co., 
New York.) $1.40. 

Primary Batteries. Carhart. (Allyn & Bacon, Boston.) $1.50. 

APPLIED ELECTRICITY— Two Seasons or More 

For: Students, electricians, motormen, dynamo tenders, 
testers, instructors, electrical engineers, and others. 

Preparation: A high school training or its equivalent, 
including shop mathematics, mechanical drawing or blue 
print reading, physics, chemistry, elementary electricity. 

Topics : Review of elementary electricity ; electric power 
and its measurements ; generation of direct and alternating 
current; application to power, light and railroad work; 
storage batteries, their types, principles, care and applica- 
tion to light and power service; switchboards, electric ma- 
chinery, dynamos, direct current and alternating current 
motors; alternators, transformers. 

From 50 per cent to 60 per cent or more of the students' 
time may well be spent in shop and laboratory work, using 
all the various forms of electric machines and equipment 
available. Students should be fitted to creditably fill such 
positions as inspectors, switchboard wiremen, electrical 
draftsmen, foremen, and engineers, assistants with manu- 
facturers of electrical machinery, and so on. 

Text and Reference Books 

Keys for the Practical Electrical Worker. F. J. Robinson. (Mc- 
Graw Pub. Co., New York.) $2.00. 



30 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

Practical Management of Dynamos and Motors. Crocker and 
Wheeler. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Elements of Electrical Engineering. Franklin and Esty. (The 
Macmillan Co., New York.) $4.50. 

Alternating Currents. Franklin and Williamson. (The Mac- 
millan Co., New York.) $2.50. 

Design of Dynamos. Thompson. (Spon & Chamberlain, New 
York.) $3.50. . 

Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants. Hutton. (John Wiley 
& Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

Elements of Electric Lighting. Atkinson. (D. Van Nostrand 
Co., New York.) $1.50. 

Lessons in Practical Electricity. Swoope. (D. Van Nostrand Co., 
New York.) $1.00. 

ELECTRIC WIRING— One Season 

For: Linemen, wiremen, lamp trimmers, electricians, 
engineers, dynamo tenders, stationary engineers and stu- 
dents. 

Preparation: A grammar school training or its equiva- 
lent, including simple algebra, mensuration, electricity, draw- 
ing and the elements of physics. 

Topics : Wire and its coverings, sizes and grades for 
various purposes ; switchboards, their location and wiring ; 
generating station ; storage battery equipment and wiring ; 
systems of distribution; outside wiring and construction; 
underground wiring and construction; electric lighting; in- 
candescent and arc lights ; efficiency and heating, carbons, 
operation ; wiring of buildings ; details and plans. Half the 
time of this course can be well spent in practical construction 
work with switchboards, wiring of a room, installation of 
annunciators, etc. 

Text and Reference Books 

Standard Wiring for Electric Light and Power. Cushing. (H. C. 
Cushing, Jr., 39 Cortlandt Street, New York.) $1.00. 

Electric Light Tables and the Distribution of Electricity. Rus- 
sell. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) $3.00. 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 31 

Electric Lighting. Crocker. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) 
$3.00. 

Modern Wiring Diagrams and Descriptions. Horstmann. 
(Frederick J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. 

Rules of the insurance companies pertaining to electric wiring. 

ELECTRIC RAILWAYS—One Season 

For: Linemen, wiremen, students, conductors, motor- 
men, machine tenders, construction men, and superin- 
tendents. 

Preparation: Mathematics, drawing, shop work, elec- 
tricity, electric wiring, English, elementary physics. 

Topics : Equipment of cars ; armatures ; gearing ; bear- 
ings ; lubrication ; location of motors ; controllers and car 
wiring ; car heaters ; brakes ; construction for overhead, third 
rail, and conduit systems ; trolley wires and feeders ; elec- 
trolysis ; bonding and return circuits ; distribution of power 
supply ; alternating current transmission and systems ; power 
station ; switchboard ; operation ; testing ; difficulties and 
remedies. 

Text and Reference Books 

Hand Book for Street Railway Engineers. Andrews. (John 
Wiley & Sons, New York.) $1.25. 

Electric Traction. Rider. (The Macmillan Co., New York.) 
$3.00. 

Power Distribution for Electric Railroads. Bell. (Street Rail- 
way Pub. Co., New York.) $2.50. 

Texts on Steam Railroads. 

"Street Railway Journal." (New York.) $3.00. 

TELEGRAPHY— One Season 

For: Operators, and men already in the service or those 
who desire preparation either for operation or construction 
work. 

Preparation : A grammar school course or its equivalent, 



32 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

including business English, drawing or blue print reading, 
shop mathematics, elements of physics and chemistry, elec- 
tricity and electric machinery. 

Topics : Equipment of small office ; principles of the elec- 
trical telegraph ; the electric current ; construction and opera- 
tion of sounder ; the Morse code ; graded exercises in letters 
and words; main line circuit, description, switchboard and 
its use, messages, abbreviations, code telegraphy. 

Railway telegraphy, train orders; equipment of station; 
electric circuits and devices ; the dynamo for main line work ; 
multiplex telegraphy, duplex, magnetic poles, polar relay; 
rheostat; condenser; quadruplex; transmitter; tap and leak 
box ; wireless telegraphy, the Marconi system. 

Text and Reference Books 

Elementary Telegraphy and Telephony. Crotch. (Spon & 
Chamberlain, New York.) $2.00. 

Telegraph Instructor. Dodge. (Dodge Institute of Telegraphy, 
Valparaiso, Ind.) $1.00. 

Hand Book of the Electro Magnetic Telegraph. Loring. (Van 
Nostrand Co., New York.) 50 cents. 

Twentieth Century Manual of Railway and Commercial Teleg- 
raphy. Meyer. (Rand, McNally & Co., New York.) $1.00. 

Wire and Wireless Telegraphy. Moore. (E. B. Moore Pub. Co., 
Springfield, Vt.) 50 cents. 

Manual of Wireless Telegraphy. Collins. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $2.00. 

MECHANICAL DRAWING— Two Seasons 

For : Apprentices, machinists, mechanics, pattern makers, 
engineers, firemen, electricians, and others wishing to 
qualify for positions as draftsmen, as well as those who 
desire to know the language of their trade. 

Preparation: A grammar school training or its equiva- 
lent, including arithmetic, freehand drawing, the elements of 
physics, penmanship. 

Topics: First Season — Drawing instruments, their use 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 33 

and care; simple projection, including front, top, and side 
views of rectangular solids with dimensions ; working draw- 
ings of simple objects, as of wood joints; development of 
simple surfaces, plane and curved ; patterns ; screw threads, 
true and conventional, bolts and nuts ; freehand dimensioned 
sketches of simple objects and parts of machines; working 
drawings of machine details, full size and to scale, as pulleys, 
sheaves, clamps, pipe elbows, tees, wrenches, couplings, and 
others through a large range of machine details ; practice in 
lettering. 

Care should be taken to present typical construction forms. 
Working drawings from the first should contain all dimen- 
sions necessary to show facts of form. The work of first 
season should be mainly in pencil. That of the second sea- 
son should be finished in ink. 

Topics: Second Season — Working drawings of machine 
details, as lifting jack, hangers, pillow-block, etc., with di- 
mensioned sketches; inking and tracing in ink; full set of 
working drawings of a complete simple machine ready for 
the shop, as a bench lathe or small engine. 

No copying of plates or drawings should be permitted ex- 
cept as tracings. Increasing emphasis is placed on drawing 
from the object or model itself. It is desirable that little or 
no work in geometrical problems be given. Appeal to the 
student's interest from the beginning by drawing from ob- 
jects which relate to his trade. Do not tire him out with 
meaningless sheets. Freehand fully dimensioned sketches 
made by the student should form the basis of working draw- 
ings. By means of talks illustrated with models, specimens 
or blackboard sketches, the teacher should lead the student 
to a knowledge of the strength of materials used, the simple 
mechanical principles involved, the workshop processes em- 
ployed, and the accepted method of construction in the 
various models or parts of the machines drawn. 



34 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

Examination and Thesis Drawings. The student's work 
in the second season's examination must be accompanied by 
thesis drawings of some simple machine or piece of mechan- 
ism. The assembly of the same is to be on one sheet and the 
complete working drawings of at least one quarter of this 
machine on a second sheet. Tracings of these two sheets, not 
the originals, as these are not returned, must be sent with the 
examination paper. All of this thesis work — design, meas- 
urements, sketches, inking, lettering — must be entirely that 
of the student and not of the teacher, and must be finished 
some time during the three months preceding the ex- 
amination. 

Text and Reference Books 

A Course in Mechanical Drawing. L. Rouillion. (Prang Educa- 
tional Co., New York.) $1.25. 

Elements of Mechanical Drawing, Parts I. and II. Anthony. 
(D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.50. 

Elements of Machine Drawing, Part III. Anthony. (D. C. 
Heath & Co., Boston.) $1.50. 

Mechanical Drawing. C. F. Jackson. (Lippincott & Co., Phila- 
delphia.) $1.50. 

Notes on Mechanical Drawing. Mathewson. (Published by 
Author, Springfield, Mass.) $1.25. 

Manual of Mechanical Drawing. Johnston. (Williams Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

Mechanical Drawing. J. G. Tracy. (American Book Co., New 
York) $1.80. 

Mechanical Drawing, MacCord. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $4.00. 

Elements of Mechanical Drawing. Jamison. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York) $2.50. 

BLUE PRINT READING— One Season 

For: Apprentices, shop men, machinists, journeymen, and 
others engaged in machine shop work who through a short 
course desire to learn how to read drawings rather than to 
make complete drawings. 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 35 

Preparation : Arithmetic, reading, writing, spelling. 
Topics : Familiarity with the nature and making of blue 
prints from drawings; meaning of simple projection, as top 
view, side or front view, end view of object or piece of 
machine; interpretation of simple drawings; much practice 
on simple sketches of projections to insure the meaning of 
blue prints. The student must know how, from the blue 
print, to really see and intelligently describe objects and parts 
of objects and machines in their proper relations. Explana- 
tion by the teacher of chemical principles of blue printing. 

Text and Reference Books 

Mechanical Drawing Text Books. Blue prints and working 
drawings from local shops and drawing rooms. (The teacher 
should have a wealth of such material on hand.) 

Blue Print and its Variations; Photo Miniatures. 

Drafting Books. 

LOCOMOTIVE AND CAR DESIGN—Two Seasons 

For : Draftsmen, engineers, and others specializing on the 
design of railroad machinery. 

Preparation: Mechanical drawing, mathematics, ele- 
mentary mechanics and design, and some acquaintance with 
railroad shops and appliances. 

Topics : Locomotive Design — The general principles of 
mechanics as applied to practical locomotive designing, in- 
volving the composition and resolution of forces, moments, 
strains to be resisted by the various parts of the locomotive, 
adhesion, friction, lubrication; the general principles of 
thermodynamics as applied to practical locomotive designing, 
involving the elementary theory of heat, combustion of fuel, 
evaporation, steam, condensation, draft, the steam engine 
indicator and its diagrams ; strength of materials, involving 
their deflection, elastic limit, resistance to rupture ; train re- 
sistance, involving the resistance to be overcome by the loco- 



36 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

motive as influenced by load, gradient, curvature, wind, kind 
and condition of cars ; general proportion of locomotives and 
their parts for given service, involving weight, tractive 
power, heating surface, grate area; the practical designing 
of locomotives, involving the working out of the detail de- 
sign, the making of actual working drawings, tracings and 
blue prints, and their systematic care and filing. 

Car Design — The general principles of mechanics as ap- 
plied to practical car designing, involving the composition 
and resolution of forces, moments, graphical statics, friction, 
strains to be resisted by the various parts of freight and of 
passenger cars ; strength of materials, involving their deflec- 
tion, elastic limit, resistance to rupture; general types and 
proportions of freight cars for given service, involving 
capacity, ratio of tare to paying load, etc. ; general types and 
proportions of passenger cars ; passenger car decoration, in- 
volving the artistic work (this is a distinct art in itself and 
can only be touched upon here) ; the practical designing of 
freight and passenger cars, involving the working out of the 
detailed design and making actual working drawings, tra- 
cings and blue prints. 

Text and Reference Books 

Applied Mechanics. Jamieson. (J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadel- 
phia.) $1.25. 

Mechanical Engineer's Pocket Book. William Kent. (John Wiley 
& Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

Steam and Steam Engines. Jamieson. (D. Van Nostrand, New 
York.) $1.50. 

Thermodynamics of the Steam Engine and other Heat Engines. 
Peabody. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

Manual of Rules and Tables for Mechanical Engineers. D. K. 
Clark. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New York.) $7.50. 

Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Angus Sinclair. 
(John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. 
^^Master Car Builders' Dictionary. (Railroad Gazette, New York.) 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES Z7 

Locomotive Operation. Henderson. (Railway Age, Chicago.) 
$3.50. 

Mechanics of Engineering. Weisbach. (D. Van Nostrand Co., 
New York.) $6.00. 

Treatise on Valve Gears. Zeuner. (Spon & Chamberlain, New 
York.) $5.00. 

Proceedings Master Mechanics' Association. 

Proceedings Master Car Builders' Association. 

The Standard Current and Technical Railroad Periodicals. 

Books of Blue Prints and Specifications of Actual Locomotives 
as Built by Various Railroads and Locomotive Builders. 

Trade Catalogues and Reference Books from Various Locomo- 
tive Works. 

STEAM ENGINEERING OR ENGINEER'S LICENSE— 

Two Seasons 

For: Engineers and firemen connected with the opera- 
tion, or construction or repair of steam engines or steam 
apparatus. 

Preparation : Knowledge of English and arithmetic and 
previous employment in or about power plant. 

Topics: Select from the following: Starting and stop- 
ping plain slide valve engine ; draining and warming the 
cylinders ; oiling ; instruction in starting and stopping Corliss 
engine ; effect of moving wrist-plate forward and backward ; 
way in which steam is admitted and leaves cylinders of both ; 
governors; engine knocking, causes and methods of pre- 
vention ; adjustment of main bearings, of connecting rod 
brasses, crossheads and guides; the piston, rings and their 
adjustment; piston rod packing, practical valve, valve mo- 
tion, and indication diagram instruction same as in "Marine 
Engineering" outline; practical rules for setting valves; fly 
wheels and rules for maximum safe speed ; meaning of the 
words work, energy and power; calculation of horse power 
from indicator diagram; the Prony brake, calculation of 
brake horse power ; nature of heat, the mechanical equivalent 



38 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

of heat; steam same as in ''Boiler Firing" outline; the cal- 
culation of steam accounted for by indicator; the effect of 
cylinder condensation; the value of steam jacket and super- 
heated steam ; compound and triple expansion engines ; inter- 
mediate reversers ; laws of friction and rules for horse 
power of a belt; steam pumps, condensers and air pumps; 
steam traps, velocity of steam in pipes, rules for determining 
size of same; practical hints regarding steam piping; steam 
and oil separators ; feed water heaters and purifiers ; re- 
versing engines ; Stevenson link motion ; shifting eccentrics 
and special valve gears ; efficiency tests of steam engines ; 
also such portions of the course relating to "Boilers and 
Firing" as seems appropriate for stationary steam engineers. 

Text and Reference Books 

Engines and Engine Running. Rose. (D. Van Nostrand Co., 
New York.) $2.50. 

Steam. Ripper. (Longmans, Green & Co., New York.) $2.50. 

The Steam Engine. Holmes. (Longmans, Green & Co., New 
York.) $2.00. 

The Steam Engine. W. H. R. Creighton. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $5.00. 

Elements of Steam Engineering. Spangler. (John Wiley & Sons, 
New York.) $3.00. 

Power Plants. F. R. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New York.) 
$5.00. 

The Gas Engine. F. R. Hutton. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $5.00. 

The Gas Engine. D. Clerk. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New 
York.) 50 cents. 

Steam Heating for Buildings. W. J. Baldwin. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $2.50. 

BOILER FIRING— One Season 

For: Locomotive, marine and stationary boiler firemen 
and others entrusted with the care and operation of steam 
boilers. 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 39 

Preparation: Some experience or familiarity with some 
type of steam boilers or engines. 

Topics : Select from the following : The safety valve, its 
purpose, ways in which it may become a source of danger, 
care, inspection, and setting of safety valves, principles of 
lever valves ; the water level, its importance, ways of finding 
it, reasons of false water level, effects of low water, rules 
for dangerously low water; known causes of priming, how 
detected and prevented; blowing off; formation of scales, 
effectiveness of feed heaters and purifiers in preventing 
scale, the danger of boiler compounds ; cleaning, washing out 
and scaling the boiler, responsibility on the boiler washer, 
keeping water column clean, careful inspection after wash- 
ing, laying up of boilers ; boiler feeds, where best introduced, 
importance of feeding slowly, feed pipes, feed pumps and 
injectors, method of operation and care. 

Firing — The banking of fires, lighting and cleaning of 
fires, handling of clinkers; firing with anthracite and 
bituminous coals; thickness of fires; air regulations, nature 
of flame for perfect combustion ; nature of combustion ; con- 
stituents of fuels; combustion of hydrocarbons; heat value 
of different commercial fuels ; furnace temperature ; preven- 
tion of smoke ; simple boiler repairs ; types of boilers, and the 
advantages of each compared ; steam domes and mud drums, 
their efiiciency and best location; computations regarding 
the thickness of shell ; board of trade rules, insurance rules, 
rules for safe working pressure ; boiler accessories. 

The nature of draught, natural and forced draught, 
draught required for different fuels and rates of combustion, 
draught areas, height of stack, area of stack ; boiler settings, 
importance, allowance for expansion, prevention of radia- 
tion, heat lost by air leakage and by radiation ; furnace con- 
struction, the fire brick arch, air over the fire; mechanical 
stokers, advantages, overfeed and underfeed stokers, care in 
handling each, conditions for good combustion, coal handling 



40 ■ EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

machinery ; steam, its expansive nature, temperature, volume 
compared with water, saturated steam, superheated steam, 
use of steam tables; sensible and latent heat, specific heat, 
total heat of evaporation, mechanical equivalent of heat; 
definition of mechanical horse power, of boiler horse power ; 
heating surface per boiler horse power, rate of generation 
of steam per square foot of heating surface in different parts 
of boiler, boiler tests ; steam fitting, draining of steam lines, 
allowing for expansion, location of flange joints, use of 
gaskets, rules for determining size of steam pipes; systems, 
etc. 

Text and Reference Books 

Steam Boilers : Their Construction and Operation. Swingle. 
(F. R. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. 

Steam Boilers. Rose. (D. Van Nostrand & Co., New York.) 
$2.50. 

Steam Boiler Practice. W. B. Snow. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $3.00. 

Steam Boilers. Peabody and Miller. (John Wiley & Sons, New 
York.) $4.00. 

Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants. Hutton. (John Wiley 
& Sons, New York.) $5.00. 

LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING— Two Seasons 

For: Locomotive engineers and firemen and others en- 
trusted with the care of locomotive engines. 

Preparation : Experience on or about locomotives. 

Topics : Select from the following : Description of loco- 
motive boiler, dry pipe and passages to cylinders, the throttle, 
the reversing lever, the injector, the safety valve; different 
engine frames, equalizing levers and methods of distributing 
load; adjustment of axle boxes, lubrication of axle, im- 
portance of sufficient journal area; cylinder arrangement for 
different modern locomotives ; practical valve, valve motion, 
and indicator diagram instruction same as in "Marine En- 
gineering" outline; etc. 



OUTLINES FOR SUBJECT COURSES 41 

Effect of rocker arm; construction of simple model to 
scale of Stevenson link motion, determination of valve travel 
and events of stroke for each position of link, rules for 
valve setting; the nature of heat, the law of expansion for 
gases ; the meaning of the words work, energy, and power ; 
steam, same as in "Boiler Firing" outline; calculations for 
horse power and indicated steam consumption ; cylinder con- 
densation and its effect; rules for determining horse power 
of engines ; rules for determining draw-bar pull ; locomotive 
accessories ; mechanical bell ringers ; steam sanding ap- 
paratus; laws of expansion and contraction; importance of 
firing carefully; draught; spark arresters; brakes, toggle 
joints, steam brakes, automatic air brakes; emergency re- 
pairs and practical hints in breakdowns; Walschaert valve 
gear; traction limits and train resistance; centrifugal force 
and elevation of outside rails ; also such portions of the 
course relating to "Boilers and Firing" as seems appropriate 
for locomotive engineers. 

Text and Reference Books 

Modem Locomotive Engineering Handbook. Swingle. (Frederick 
J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $3.00. 

Locomotive Engines, Running and Management. Sinclair. 
(John Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. 

The Locomotive Up-to-Date. McShane. (Griffin & Winters, New 
York.) $2.50. 

Locomotives, Simple and Compound. Reagan. (John Wiley & 
Sons, New York.) $2.50. 

Locomotive Operators. Henderson. (Railway Age, New York.) 
$3.50. 

Catechism of Locomotive. M. N. Forney. (D. Van Nostrand & 
Co., New York.) $3.50. 

Modem American Locomotive. Emory Edwards. (Carey, Baird 
& Co., Philadelphia.) $2.00. 

Locomotive Breakdowns, Emergencies and Remedies. Fowler. 
(N. W. Henley Pub. Co., New York.) $1.50. 

Modem Air Brake Practice, Its Use and Abuse. Dukesmith. 
(F J. Drake & Co., Chicago.) $1.50. 



42 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBJECTS 

While men employed in railroad service, either on the 
road or in the shop, are found improving their abilities in 
various subjects of the commercial, industrial, language, 
machine trade, and other groups, there is an opportunity to 
help still other railroad men, especially the road men, 
through special courses arranged to meet the special require- 
ments of firemen, enginemen, conductors and others. 

Experience shows that success in all these positions de- 
mands that men must be in good health, in possession of all 
their mental faculties, with emphasis increasingly placed on 
honesty, sobriety, obedience, loyalty and courtesy. 

Best results are realized when men have a maximum of 
actual practice work with their study of principles and text- 
book work, and a minimum of the merely theoretical. An 
engineman can read about engines, and hear people talk 
about them indefinitely, but if he ever understands them, he 
must, in addition to the reading, discussions, lectures, etc., 
have to live on, and in, and run his engine. So with other 
courses, the practice work must accompany the lecture and 
study. 

Some of the work in each subject can be given in talks, 
quizzes and discussions, some in demonstrations, and some 
in reading ; but the larger part must be in actual daily prac- 
tice work. Depending upon circumstances, the local or 
system instructor may conduct some of the written work 
so that the men may study at home or in connection with 
their daily work. There is no special order in the following 
courses. 

The Kirkman series of books on the "Science of Rail- 
ways," published by the World Railway Publishing Co., of 
Chicago, are recommended as the best complete available 
material on many of the following sections. 

For their hearty cooperation, interest and counsel in 



SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBJECTS 43 

assisting" in the construction of this section, we wish to 
mention particularly : 

G. R. Henderson, Consulting Engineer, New York. 

G. P. Conrad, Secretary Association of Transportation 
and Car Accounting Officers, New York. 

R. E. Riley, Tariff Bureau, Southern Pacific Company, 
New York. 

Major B. N. Dunn, Chief Inspector, Bureau for the Safe 
Transportation of Explosives, New York. 

J. A. Christie, City Superintendent, American Express 
Company, New York. 

Frederick T. Slack, Division Superintendent, New York 
Central and Hudson River Railroad, New York. 

ENGINEMEN 

For : Men already in the service and for firemen who are 
fitting themselves to become engineers. 

Preparation : In addition to the qualities mentioned at 
the head of the chapter, the ability to see clearly, read and 
write, and compute accurately is necessary; also experience 
in firing and familiarity with the engine and with general 
railroad work. 

Topics : Definitions and train rules ; signals : visual — as 
lantern, flag, the hand and its motions, indicators, flags or 
lights on head and rear of trains, colors; auditory — as en- 
gine and air whistle, tail hose, torpedoes ; fixed — as the 
block, semaphore, train order, home, distant, post; defini- 
tions and standard rules with generally accepted interpreta- 
tions for the railroad system ; time tables, their various indi- 
cations, interpretations, and accepted rulings in changes. 

Movement of trains ; train orders, their forms, interpreta- 
tion and execution ; train blocking, automatic, space, positive, 
permissive. 

Engine supplies and emergency tools ; oil and methods of 
lubricating bearings ; coal, its qualities, use and efficiency. 



44 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

The air brake; various parts, names, location and opera- 
tion ; pump ; valves, brake, plain triple, quick action, straight 
air, high speed, reducing; proper handling of air brake on 
various kinds of trains. 

Emergencies either in passenger or freight service, as 
protection of trains, in case of hot boxes, derailments, col- 
lisions; personal injury and rendering of first aid; re- 
ports, etc. 

General instruction in air brake practice, train handling, 
car lighting and heating ; locomotive management in detail ; 
breakdowns, bad steaming, poor coal or bad combustion, in- 
jectors, lubricators, boiler feeding, low water, blowing off, 
steam cylinders, steam chests, valve gears, etc. See course 
for Locomotive Firemen. 

Text and Reference Books 

Air Brake — See Air Brake section. 

Standard Code of Train Rules. American Railway Association. 
Book of Rules. 

Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Sinclair. (John 
Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. 
Local Road Rules. 

LOCOMOTIVE FIREMEN 

For: Locomotive firemen, round-house employees and 
others who aspire to become firemen. 

Preparation : In addition to the qualities at the head of 
the section, a knowledge of elementary reading, writing and 
arithmetic. 

Topics: Principles of combustion; fuel; steam genera- 
tion ; general properties of heat ; economical firing with dif- 
ferent kinds of fuel, and the draft conditions suitable for 
same; effect on boiler and steaming of different kinds of 
water and the proper treatment in each case; lubrication of 
cylinders and machinery, and the economic use of oil; 
characteristics of different oils; general principles of air 



SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBJECTS 45 

brake construction and operation; train operation rules and 
signals, various methods of block and train order signaling ; 
hauling capacity of locomotives ; emergency repairs in cases 
of breakdowns. 

Text and Reference Books 

Catechism of Locomotive. Forney. (D. Van Nostrand Co., New 
York.) $3.50. 

Locomotive Engine Running and Management. Sinclair. (John 
Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.00. 

Locomotive Operation. Henderson. (Railway Age, Chicago.) 
$3.50. 

Locomotives, Simple, Compound and Electric. Reagan. (John 
Wiley & Sons, New York.) $2.50. 

Air Brake Instruction Book. Westinghouse Air Brake Co. 

Proceedings of Traveling Engineers' Association. 

CONDUCTORS 

For : Conductors now in the service and for trainmen of 
experience, fitting for positions as conductors. 

Preparation: In addition to the qualities stated at the 
beginning of the section, a working knowledge of the three 
R's, general railroad information, and some experience as a 
trainman, are necessary. 

Topics: Train rules; signals, same as for enginemen; 
time tables, interpretations and changes; movement and 
blocking of trains, same as for enginemen. 

Air brake, including the various appliances, the manner 
of coupling up train line ; air brake tests ; defects ; disabled 
parts; valves, triple, high speed, reducing, car discharge, 
conducting. 

General instruction concerning train movement whether 
passenger or freight; train orders, their forms, interpreta- 
tion and execution ; protection of trains ; train lighting and 
heating; handling of freight; efficient and courteous 
handling of passenger traffic, accidents and emergencies; 
first aid to injured ; reports. 



46 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

In general information, training and experience, he must 
be able to be master of the situation. His judgments and 
orders should at all times represent the best results on the 
system and, as far as his train and crew are concerned, be 
final authority. 

Text and Reference Books 

First Aid to the Injured. See First Aid Section. 

Standard Code. 

Book of Rules. 

Air Brake, See Air Brake Section. 

Local Road Rules. 

TRAINMEN 

For : Those in the service and those fitting to take such 
positions. 

Preparation : In addition to the qualities at the head of 
the section, a knowledge of the three R's, courtesy, and 
some familiarity with railroad terms and methods is 
essential. 

Topics : Train rules ; signals, same as those for engine- 
men ; time tables, how made ; train schedule, rules concern- 
ing changes, adjustment to new schedules, interpretation, 
etc. 

Various kinds of trains, as passenger, mixed, freight, 
special, ore, stock, express, mail and excursion; train crew, 
number of men and various positions; train orders, forms 
and importance of execution; inspection. Passenger train 
service, courtesy, personal appearance, care of equipment, 
proper ventilation and temperature of cars, aid in emer- 
gencies; freight train service, through, local, special, mail, 
express, etc. ; hot boxes, causes and remedies ; way switch- 
ing ; air brake, same as for conductors ; first aid. 

Text and Reference Books 
Same as for Conductors. 



SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBJECTS 47 

OFFICE MEN 

For: Station agents, shipping clerks, office men, and 
others engaged in traffic work. 

Preparation: In addition to the quahties given at the 
head of the section, a business training, executive abiUty, 
and a fair education are essential. 

Topics : Freight : Freight classifications ; conditions of 
acceptance; carriers' liability; time tables; way billing; 
transportation of freight ; routing ; accounting, division earn- 
ings, connecting line settlements; claims; freight rates; 
federal regulations ; tariff construction. 

Passenger Business : Classification of tickets ; Pullman 
accommodations ; general outline of express ; baggage, 
checking, forwarding, lost and found; telegraph; United 
States mail ; passenger tariffs ; time tables ; accountancy of 
earnings. 

A successful method of conducting the course is in 
assigning to the student a station on a line and having him 
perform that work which would be required of him were he 
in the service of a carrier. At the completion of the station 
work the subject of accounting can be taken up and the 
work that has been done by them as station agents they 
will then audit as at the central office. 

Text and Reference Books 
None particularly available. 

AIR BRAKE 

For: Locomotive engineers and firemen, trainmen, 
round-house mechanics and repair men. 

Preparation : In addition to the qualities at the head of 
the section, a knowledge of elementary reading, writing 
and arithmetic. 

In order to give the best service, engineers should fully 



48 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

understand how to make simple repairs on the road. The 
fireman who aspires to the right-hand running-board should 
also be posted. Trainmen should know how to obviate sim- 
ple defects between terminals, and those responsible for 
maintenance of equipment either in the yards or the engine 
houses should be able to locate and remedy defects. While 
some portions of the course should be studied by all the 
classes of employees mentioned, some parts have particular 
application to the operation, and others to the maintenance 
and repair of brakes. These will be more particularly use- 
ful to train operatives or to shopmen respectively. 

Topics: General: Principles of operating brakes by 
compressed air and the general arrangement of various 
valves, cylinders, pipes and reservoirs ; effect of friction be- 
tween rails and wheels, and between wheels and brake- 
shoes in retarding trains ; elements of compression ; storage 
and transmission of air; detail construction of the various 
parts of both the Westinghouse and the New York Air 
Brake, and also train signal apparatus. 

For locomotive and trainmen : Effects of graduating 
the application and release of brakes on long and short 
trains; proper handling and adjustment for straight air, 
quick acting, high speed and high pressure control. 

For repair men: Detection of defects and location of 
same; repairing parts under cars and testing trains before 
leaving terminals; detail repairs of the individual parts in 
the shop; wear and breakage of parts and the proper re- 
placement of same. 

This work should include tests and experiments with 
actual working models and personal examination of the 
different parts comprising the brake if possible. 

Text and Reference Books 

Air Brake and Train Signal Instruction. M. C. B. Association. 
Air Brake Catechism. Blackall. (Norman W. Henley, New 
York.) $1.50. 



SPECIAL RAILROAD SUBIECTS 49 

M. C. A. Tests and Reports. M. C. B. Proceedings. 
Air Brake Instruction. Westinghouse Air Brake Company. 
Treatise on New York Air Brake. International Correspondence 
Schools. 

TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVES AND OTHER 
DANGEROUS ARTICLES 

For: Trainmen, yardmen, conductors, express and sta- 
tion agents and others whose duties require them to have 
some knowledge of the handling, transportation and storage 
of explosives and other dangerous articles. 

Preparation : At least a grammar school education or its 
equivalent, in addition to the qualities named at the head 
of this section. 

Topics : General nature and classification of explosive 
and inflammable articles ; manufacture of explosive com- 
pounds and mixtures; chemical and practical tests for sta- 
bility, for sensitiveness to shock and friction and for 
strength ; packing for shipment ; storage at railway stations ; 
loading and staying of packages in cars ; protection of pack- 
ages by labels and of cars by placards; handling of cars in 
switching and location in trains ; precautions while cars are 
in transit; disposition of defective packages; action in case 
of wreck; railway reports and blank forms used in con- 
nection with transportation of explosives and other dan- 
gerous articles. 

These topics may be covered chiefly by lectures by rail- 
way employees experienced in handling these shipments, 
manufacturers of explosives, chemists and representatives 
of the Bureau for the Safe Transportation of Explosives 
and Other Dangerous Articles. Special readings can 
follow. 

Text and Reference Books 

Any text book on Elementary Chemistry. 

Cundill's Dictionary of Explosives. (An English publication.) 



50 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

Regulations for the Transportation of Explosives and Other 
Dangerous Articles, approved by the American Railway Association, 
24 Park Place, New York. 

EXPRESS COMPANY EMPLOYEES 

For : Men in the employ of express companies. 

Preparation: In addition to qualities stated at the head 
of this section, executive ability, working knowledge of the 
three R's, and business training are essential. 

Topics : Definitions, terms, rules, interpretations ; wagon 
service, duties of drivers and helpers, care of horses, pro- 
tection of property; messenger service, duties at office ter- 
minals, on road, methods of checking and handling freight 
in station and in cars, reports ; agents, their qualifications, 
duties, responsibilities, reports, methods of promoting busi- 
ness; tariffs; outward and inward business and various 
methods of handling; claims, how and when made, manner 
of filing with the company, suggestions on avoidance of 
unwise claims, and the manner of handling them. 

Particular emphasis in this subject should be laid on the 
qualities of honesty, sobriety and good behavior on the part 
of men engaged in the express business. 

Text and Reference Books 
None particularly available. 



OTHER ESSENTIAL COURSES 

Similar outlines for other subjects from the experience 
of Associations are found in the "Outlines of Courses of 
Study." They should be carefully considered by secre- 
taries and educational committees in connection with the 
special courses here given. Among such important subjects 
are: 



OTHER ESSENTIAL COURSES 51 

Penmanship and Business Correspondence, Commercial 
Geography, History of the United States, Municipal Gov- 
ernment, Structural Work in Steel, Locomotive Engineer- 
ing, Railway Engineering, Carpentry and Building, Pattern 
Making, Tool Making, Machine Shop Practice, Boiler Mak- 
ing, Heating and Ventilation. 



INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 

These written exercises have proved most valuable by 
stimulating both teachers and students, increasing thorough- 
ness and definiteness of work and revealing points of weak- 
ness and strength. In the student they have developed 
accuracy of expression, concentration of mind, the ability 
to use his own resources, the best educational discipline, and 
have furnished him a standard by which to judge of his 
progress. These exercises under the direction of the Board 
of Examiners are held during the first week in April and 
the second week in June. Dates and details will be sent 
each Association in ample time. 

INTERNATIONAL EXAMINERS 

The outlines of courses of study in this book, being the 
experience of the best evening schools and other institu- 
tions helping employed men and boys educationally, have 
been further improved and strengthened by the Board of 
Examiners, each of whom is an authority in his subject. 
These men and others like them conduct the annual exam- 
inations and finally pass upon results. Among the exam- 
iners are the following: 

T. M. Balliet, Dean of the School of Pedagogy, University 
of New York. 

S. P. Spencer, Judge of the Circuit Court, St. Louis, 
and President International Convention Y. M. C. A., 1907. 

W. S. Perry, Director Art Department, Pratt Institute, 
Brooklyn. 

A. D. F. Hamlin, Director Department of Architecture, 
Columbia University. 

W. W. Beman, Professor of Mathematics, University of 
Michigan, Ann Arbor. 



REGULATIONS GOVERNING EXAMINATIONS 53 

L. Rouillion, Director Mechanics Institute, New York. 

G. J. Smith, Examiner Board of Education, New York. 

R. W. Moore, Professor of German, Colgate University, 
Hamilton, N. Y. 

J. M. Lopez-Guillen, Iglesia Congregational, Hispano- 
Americana, Havana, Cuba. 

N. P. Heffley, Heffley School of Commerce, Brooklyn. 

A. L. Williston, Director School of Technology, Pratt 
Institute, Brooklyn. 

Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants, New York, 
Chicago, London. 

G. R. Henderson, Consulting Engineer, New York. 

C. Forbes, Mechanics' Institute and Teachers' College, 
New York. 

W. J. Hancock, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn. 

George J. Fisher, M. D., Physical Department, Interna- 
tional Committee, New York. 

New examiners are added when necessary. 

REGULATIONS GOVERNING INTERNATIONAL 
EXAMINATIONS 

(1) Supervision. The general secretary or educational di- 
rector shall be responsible for their supervision and conduct. 

(2) Dates. Regular examinations will be held annually at 
specified dates during the first week in April and the second 
week of June. Special examinations may be held April 15- 
May 15, and possibly in December at the convenience of a local 
Association, provided: (a) The Committee has time to satis- 
factorily arrange for the same, (b) The necessarily greater 
expenses are assumed. The Committee will undertake to pro- 
vide a special first season or elementary examination in a sin- 
gle subject for any number of students from one to twenty 
meeting in the same place at the same time for $10, and fifty 
cents for each additional student. Similarly for second-season 
examinations $15 per subject, and seventy-five cents for each 
additional student. 



54 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

(3) Subjects. The subjects, as a rule, together with days of 
the week, will be as follows: 

Monday. Arithmetic, Shop Mathematics, Electricity, Ac- 
countancy. 

Tuesday. Bookkeeping, Geometry, Chemistry, Literature, 
Locomotive Car Design, Personal Hygiene. 

Wednesday. Freehand Drawing, Algebra, Stenography, Busi- 
ness Law, Spanish. 

Thursday. Mechanical Drawing, Architectural Drawing, 
Reading Course, Boys' Group Course, French. 

Friday. English, First Aid, Typewriting, German, Steam En- 
gineering. 

Saturday. Physics, Machine Design, Elements of Music, 
Boiler Firing, Public Health. 

Special annual announcements will give particulars in detail. 
Former question papers usually show the general character of 
the examinations. The Committee will try to arrange for ex- 
aminations in additional subjects if desired and for the best 
good of all, providing the expenses are met. 

(4) Thesis Drawings. In the second season or advanced 
work in Mechanical, Architectural and Freehand Drawing, the 
students must have completed thesis drawings or designs pre- 
vious to the examinations in April or June, and be ready to send 
them with the returned examination papers. No student can 
receive a certificate in the advanced or second-season examina- 
tion in drawing if he fails to submit such work. The thesis 
drawings must be completed some time during the three months 
preceding the examinations. They may constitute a part of the 
regular course and the student may receive the occasional coun- 
sel and criticism of the instructor but the drawings must be 
wholly the work of the student. He will be required to state 
on a blank provided for the purpose, that he has done the entire 
work himself. They should be on good and appropriate drawing 
paper 8x11 inches in size, or a multiple of such size, so they 
may be folded and sent in the original examination package. 
They may be retained as the property of the International 
Committee, hence blue prints of the originals should be sub- 
mitted when possible. These thesis drawings are required that 
the examiners may obtain a better idea of the student's pro- 
ficiency and progress than can be secured by the examination 
alone. 



REGULATIONS GOVERNING EXAMINATIONS 55 

In mechanical drawing, the thesis will require two sheets of 
paper, one for the assembly drawing and one for the details, and 
will involve a simple machine or piece of a machine, as a part 
of a lathe, engine, or other mechanical appliance. 

In freehand drawing, the thesis will require three sheets: 
first, an outline drawing of an interior of a room; second, a 
light-and-shade drawing from a cast; third, a drawing of an 
ornament or an applied design. 

In architectural drawing, the thesis work will require one or 
two sheets, showing either the exterior or the floor plan of a 
small cottage of two or three rooms on a floor; the exterior or 
floor plans of a one-story library or church, or the educational 
department floor of a large Y. M. C. A. building, or an 
equivalent. 

See page 34 and The Outlines of Courses of Study for details in 
these matters. 

(5) How to Order. A requisition blank is sent each secre- 
tary or director about March 1. On this blank — not on other 
paper — and signed by the general secretary or educational direc- 
tor, order as many question papers in each subject as will be 
needed. Be sure to order enough, and thus avoid the confusion 
of a later change and the disappointment of many desiring 
to take part at the last moment and not finding question papers 
enough for them. Only one person is permitted to use one 
question paper. Obviously the examiners will accept no more 
returned answer papers in any subject than there were question 
papers ordered. This requisition blank for the regular April or 
June examinations cannot be filed if received after a date ten 
days preceding the examination. For the special examinations, 
the order must be received at least twenty days in advance. The 
order from both senior and boys' departments in a single 
Association should be placed on one and the same blank. The 
material for examinations in both departments will be sent in 
one package. 

Teachers should see that their students who can do credit in 
any of the examinations are strongly urged to participate. The 
order for question papers must be given to the secretary or 
director at least twenty to thirty days in advance. The in- 
creasing value of these written tests to both students and 
teachers will lead them to gladly emphasize the opportunity of 
participation. Teachers should be present, if possible, at the 
time of the examination's, carefully look over, mark and deliver 



56 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

each paper to the secretary or director within two days after the 
examination. In case the Association chooses the cooperative 
plan of setting questions, the teacher will proceed as in sec- 
tion 7. 

(6) Expenses. The conduct of the regular examinations 
costs the International Committee more than twice as much 
as is received from the charge for question papers. To help 
cover a portion of this expense of the regular examinations in 
April, and also in June, the charge is 25 cents for each ele- 
mentary or first-season question paper, and 50 cents for each 
second-season question paper, including certificates won. For 
the special examinations the rates would necessarily be much 
higher. See section 2. The above charges in each instance 
include a quantity of specially prepared examination paper for 
each student, and the necessary blanks and forms used. 

(7) Local Cooperation in Questions. A choice of two plans 
for official examination questions is offered: (1) Use the In- 
ternational questions entirely, the student answering questions 
the sum of whose credits equals 100. (2) Use International 
questions equaling 70 credits and local questions equaling 30 
credits, provided: (a) The local teacher, in conjunction with the 
educational director or general secretary, prepares at least 5 
questions which meet local needs, but which are no less difficult 
than International questions of previous years, and provided 
the same are sealed and withheld from the students until the 
hour of the official examination, (b) The student first answers 
7 of the International questions, and then at the same session 
answers 3 of the 5 local questions provided, (c) The local 
teacher marks the answers to both series of questions and sends 
to the International Committee the local questions together with 
all papers marked 65 or above. 

The sealed envelopes containing all questions, whether In- 
ternational or local, must be kept sealed under all circumstances 
until the specified hour for the examinations, and then opened 
only in the presence of the class when seated ready for the 
exercise. 

(8) The Student will write in black ink all answers to such 
questions — whether International alone or both International 
and local — as are required or selected, the sum of whose credits 
equals 100, but no more. All work, not results merely, is to be 
placed on the written paper. Each student must work inde- 
pendently, rely on his own judgment, neither ask nor receive 



SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS 57 

any help of any kind from any source. Only as many men may 
write on the examinations as there have been question papers 
ordered and received. 

(9) Marking Papers. At the close of the examinations the 
teachers are to collect and mark the answer papers, both Inter- 
national and local, placing a mark on each answer — not one 
mark for the paper as a whole. Such marking is to be done in 
red ink. Teachers are urged to be very careful in such marking 
and should deliver all results finished within two days following 
the examinations. 

(10) How to Send Papers. While the minimum passing 
grade will be kept at 75, the examiners desire that all papers 
bearing a total mark of 65 for either the International questions 
when used alone, or for both International and local questions 
together, when the latter are used, be sent to them. Such papers 
in each subject should be fastened together and carefully re- 
corded on the class list. These smaller packages should then 
be gathered into one larger package and sent by mail or express 
prepaid to George B. Hodge, 124 East 28th Street, New York. 
Such returns should be received within ten days following the 
examinations. They will not be accepted by the examiners if 
they bear a postmark or express shipping date later than ten 
days after the examinations, 

(11) Certificates. As soon as the papers have been examined 
and recorded by the examiners and by the Committee, a record 
of the results will be sent each secretary interested. About 
three weeks after this, or as soon as the certificates can be en- 
grossed and signed by the proper officers, they will be sent in 
bulk to the general secretary or educational director. 

(12) The McBurney Cup, for promoting efficiency in educa- 
tional work among boys, will be awarded that Association whose 
boy members seventeen years of age and under, in the regular 
April examinations, win the largest actual, or the largest pro- 
portionate number of certificates in relation to the boy mem- 
bership. (See folder. The McBurney Memorial Cup.) 

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS 

To Secretaries and Directors. (1) The order for question 
papers should be made on the requisition blank — not on other 
paper — signed by the secretary or educational director. 



58 EDUCATION AND RAILROAD MEN 

(2) Orders from both men's and boy's departments should 
be placed on one and the same blank. 

(3) To avoid confusion and mistakes, the requisition should 
reach New York twenty days or more before the examinations, 
and should not thereafter be modified unless absolutely 
necessary. 

(4) The certificate of the general secretary or director to 
the effect that all regulations governing the examinations have 
been faithfully observed, will be required for the acceptance of 
the students' papers by the International Examiners. 

To Teachers. (1) Each teacher should become familiar with 
the regulations in detail governing both the regular and the 
special examinations. 

(2) He is urged to plan for, and to lead a few of his students 
to take part, also give the order for question papers to the 
secretary or director at least twenty days before the examina- 
tions. (See Regulations, sec. 5.) 

(3) He is invited to cooperate with the International Exam- 
iners in setting official questions, also in keeping these as well 
as the International questions in sealed envelopes until the time 
of examination. (See Regulations, sec. 7.) 

(4) He will see that all students in the second-season or ad- 
vanced examinations in either Mechanical, Architectural or 
Freehand Drawing have completed their respective thesis dravv^- 
ings or designs before the date of the examination, and have 
the same or their copies ready to send with the students' exam- 
ination papers to New York. (See Regulations, sec. 4.) 

(5) In Freehand Drawing, he will gather some models or 
objects with straight edges and others with curved edges and 
surfaces to arrange in groups on desk or table for the purpose 
of using them in the examination. 

(6) He will mark each answer on all papers in red ink and 
deliver the same to the secretary or director within two days 
after the examinations. (See Regulations, sec. 9.) 

To Students. (1) The student will place the number of each 
question above or before its answer and confine his answer 
strictly to the question proposed. All work in the examinations 
— not merely answers, but computations, exercises and opera- 
tions — is to be put on the examination paper. Failure to do so 
will be marked zero. 

(2) All work, as far as possible, should be in black ink. 
Drawings and sketches for freehand work, also in elementary 



m 



SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS 59 

mechanical and architectural drawing may be in pencil, while 
in the advanced mechanical and architectural drawing it should 
be mainly in ink. 

(3) The student will write in black ink all answers to such 
questions — whether International alone or both International 
and local — as are required or selected^ the sum of whose credits 
equals 100, but no more. All work, not results merely, is to be 
placed on the written paper. 

(4) The student is not permitted: (a) To have any book, 
notes or other helps in the examinations, (b) To communicate 
with any one in any way. He must rely on his own judgment 
for the interpretation, meaning and answer of each question. 
(c) To leave the room after the examination has begun and 
return again to continue his examination, (d) To write on the 
examinations unless he is furnished a set of printed questions 
for his own individual use. No two students are allowed to use 
the same question paper, (e) To occupy more than three hours 
in the examinations in any one subject. 

(5) When he has finished his examination^ or the time of 
closing has arrived, he will deliver his papers to the person in 
charge. 

(6) A violation of any of the above requirements forfeits the 
right to the examination. 



AUe 35 1908 



LEAp'09 






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RAILROAD 

MEN 




